tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69337050410261716632024-03-14T06:42:43.933-07:00Brenda's Alaska BlogBrenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-13173025844796811092012-05-01T01:45:00.003-07:002012-05-01T01:47:06.261-07:00Fairbanks: A Timeline<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Fairbanks: A Timeline </span></b><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladd_Army_Airfield">Aerial View of Ladd Army Airfield, 1943</a> </td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">1938-1942: Establishment of Ladd Army Airfield</span></b><br />
In 1938, the United States military began purchasing land southeast of Fairbanks. During the next few years, Ladd Army Airfield was built to defend Alaska against enemy attacks.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://ukrmap.su/en-wh11/1290.html">lend-a-lease airplane</a> </td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">1942-1945: Military Lend-Lease Program </span></b><br />
During WW II, the United States helped supply aircraft to the eastern front by transporting aircraft from the lower 48 to Ladd Army Airfield, near Fairbanks, where they were outfitted for the weather and battle, and then flown by Soviet pilots across Alaska and Siberia to the the eastern front.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/images/vilda.php?artID=222&image=211">Alaska Constitutional Convention </a> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>1955-1956: Constitutional Convention </b></span><br />
In an effort to further the cause of statehood, a constitutional convention was held at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus during the the winter of 1955-1956. The Alaskan constitution was approved by voters in February of 1956. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act">President Eisenhower signing the Alaska Statehood Act</a> </td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">1959: Alaska Achieves Statehood</span></b><br />
In 1958 Congress passed the Alaska Statehood Bill. On January 3, 1959, President Eisenhower signed the making, officially making Alaska the 49th state.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://tundratimeslocal.ilisagvik.cc/PRT30*7$15*16197387">Howard Rock preparing the Tundra Times</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>1962: Founding of the Tundra Times Newspaper </b></span><br />
The Tundra Times Newspaper was founded by Howard Rock, an Alaska Native from Point Hope. This newspaper, which was based out of Fairbanks, was written by Alaska Natives and covered topics and issues that were significant in the lives of Alaska Natives.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.alaskool.org/projects/landclaims/LandClaims_Unit5_Ch21.htm">Article Announcing the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a> </td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">1971: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This was the largest Native claims settlement ever reached between the U.S. government and the Native Americans. This settlement awarded Alaska Natives 43.7 million acres of land, $962.5 million dollars as compensation for land given up and the creation of regional and village corporations to help distribute and manage the land and money.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Three Cause-Effect Statements</span></b><br />
1. Because Ladd Army Airfield was built just south of Fairbanks from 1938-1942, military aircraft were able to be transported to Ladd Army Field, where they were outfitted for weather and battle and then transported over Alaska and Siberia to be used by Soviet soldiers on the eastern front of WWII as part of the Lend-Lease Program from 1942-1945.<br />
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2. Because an Alaskan Constitution was created in Fairbanks during the Constitutional Convention in the winter of 1955-56, politicians were able to strongly advocate for statehood, which was officially granted on January 3, 1959 by President Eisenhower.<br />
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3. Because the Tundra Times Newspaper brought a voice to issues affecting Alaska Natives, they began to unify and strengthen their own Civil Right Movement, which eventually helped to bring about the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971.<br />
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<br />Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-24871709422056075812012-04-19T17:04:00.000-07:002012-04-20T12:34:25.082-07:00Module IX-Alaska Governance and Contemporary Issues<span style="font-size: x-large;">Module IX-Alaska Governance and Contemporary Issues</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Describe the major reasons given for statehood and explain how those reasons are reflected in the Alaska State Constitution.</span><br />
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Quite simply, the reason why Alaskans wanted statehood was because
they wanted to have the power to make more decisions regarding the area
that they resided in. <br />
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Prior to Alaska Statehood in 1959, Alaskan government consisted of a governor appointed by the president and a territorial legislator that had very limited decision making powers.<br />
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However, the vast majority of important decisions that affected Alaskan residents, including the passage of laws, management of land and and the ability to impose taxes were made by the Federal government.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNX3JeCuT6S9b2k_B7LXdtEX7mmgY7i8LTZiB6MrxoxAg8lprb9RbNp_6XWZRISe09FWGBoiaI2p9_gdJkFVwfw-kKifImX9d8SlG3P9WygdtAqVRXMBWvju6qjIWWEPhHTvQu9E0GKGd3/s1600/constitutionalconvention.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNX3JeCuT6S9b2k_B7LXdtEX7mmgY7i8LTZiB6MrxoxAg8lprb9RbNp_6XWZRISe09FWGBoiaI2p9_gdJkFVwfw-kKifImX9d8SlG3P9WygdtAqVRXMBWvju6qjIWWEPhHTvQu9E0GKGd3/s320/constitutionalconvention.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/images/vilda.php?artID=222&image=211">Alaska Constitutional Convention</a> </td></tr>
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In an effort to further the cause of gaining statehood, the Alaska Territorial Legislature passed an act in 1955 that authorized a constitutional convention.<br />
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The Alaska Constitutional convention took place in Fairbanks during the winter of 1955-1956.<br />
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In April of 1956, Alaskans voted on and approved the <a href="http://ltgov.alaska.gov/treadwell/services/alaska-constitution.html">Alaska Constitution</a>.<br />
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On January 3, 1959, Alaska became a state.<br />
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The Alaska Constitution is full of provisions that grant more control of Alaska to Alaskan residents.<br />
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Three of these provisions are of particular importance to Alaska residents.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifYM9MX9SF2y7iLpGSn5nLEG_WCu86zBaWvzVj4rlYa0qcJosaVWbJZ0DR6ubJNFZE2a6H81D2ZRNQVXDypmm8jNCFn3Ou6wlTmlEwb2y_g7Zwoi9rA3zKEzTja6aE_6XKPZQH8ytVAA9x/s1600/alaskasign.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifYM9MX9SF2y7iLpGSn5nLEG_WCu86zBaWvzVj4rlYa0qcJosaVWbJZ0DR6ubJNFZE2a6H81D2ZRNQVXDypmm8jNCFn3Ou6wlTmlEwb2y_g7Zwoi9rA3zKEzTja6aE_6XKPZQH8ytVAA9x/s1600/alaskasign.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://tm112.community.uaf.edu/unit-2/alaska-statehood-and-build-up-to-alaska-native-land-claims/">President Eisenhower signing the Alaska Statehood Document</a> </td></tr>
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First, the state was granted the right to choose a percentage of Alaskan land for exclusive state ownership (Article 8, Section 6). Article 8 further specifies that the state has the power to make decisions about how the land is utilized (Article 8, Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12).<br />
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Second, the state was granted the ability to manage fish and game throughout most of Alaska (Article 8, especially sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14, 15).<br />
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Third, the state was granted the right to impose taxes and receive a large portion of mineral lease sales and royalty payments on state land (Article 8, sections 11, 12; Article 9, sections 1, 5, 6).<br />
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Two other more recent aspects of the Alaska Constitution that reflect the state's strong desire for self government are the Alaska Permanent Fund (Article 9, section 15), which provides a dividend check once a year to all residents of Alaska and the Budget Reserve Fund (Article 9, section 17), which is the state's "Rainy Day" fund.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Identify the Alaska Native Regional Corporation in the Area of Alaska where you live. Examine its website and describe its mission and its current business ventures.</span><br />
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<i>Doyon, Limited is the Native Regional Corporation for Interior Alaska</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJWbmB1NreVk6CmA5V6-gJNtscoEw3sDVboZzgW-MaHNtGwYRQeToRp-jv-savSVSyAvkCr-zod1sBI95_o0IkJWQYi90_x400O1HZEDRGWbEOj1RRcdec99Qyr8CaoAuPd15wmacrReuY/s1600/shareholders_main.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJWbmB1NreVk6CmA5V6-gJNtscoEw3sDVboZzgW-MaHNtGwYRQeToRp-jv-savSVSyAvkCr-zod1sBI95_o0IkJWQYi90_x400O1HZEDRGWbEOj1RRcdec99Qyr8CaoAuPd15wmacrReuY/s320/shareholders_main.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.doyon.com/shareholders/index.aspx">Shareholders of Doyon, Limited</a> </td></tr>
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Mission<br />
<i> "...to continually enhance our position as a
financially strong Native corporation in order to promote the economic
and social well-being of our shareholders and future shareholders, to
strengthen our Native way of life and to protect and enhance our land
and resources" (quoted from <a href="http://www.doyon.com/corporate_profiles/mission.aspx">Doyon, Limited</a>) </i><br />
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Values<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Financially responsible</i></li>
<li><i>Pride and respect in Native ownership</i></li>
<li><i>Socially and culturally responsible</i></li>
<li><i>Commitment to the long-term</i></li>
<li><i>Honesty and integrity</i></li>
<li><i>Commitment to excellence</i></li>
<li><i>Respect for employees</i></li>
<li><i>(Quoted from <a href="http://www.doyon.com/corporate_profiles/mission.aspx">Doyon, Limited</a>)</i>
</li>
</ul>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYcWQ1sNlZhWJFiw70WBXx63ePd4xLpalephJQ06a38jkFoiYPE4H6Otmqw03OhDHgNzfKXTUVW-i1eseFWXFOMGXDa_GeWJkY3am-VB94r_gVKDO3imeKXWbGg5YHjxuKpQEO_vgMSdn-/s1600/doyon1_lightbox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYcWQ1sNlZhWJFiw70WBXx63ePd4xLpalephJQ06a38jkFoiYPE4H6Otmqw03OhDHgNzfKXTUVW-i1eseFWXFOMGXDa_GeWJkY3am-VB94r_gVKDO3imeKXWbGg5YHjxuKpQEO_vgMSdn-/s320/doyon1_lightbox.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.designalaska.com/portfolio/doyon-plaza">Doyon Plaza</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Facts about the corporation<br />
<ul>
<li><i>It is for-profit </i></li>
<li><i>Composed of more than 18,500 shareholders</i></li>
<li><i>Established in 1971 under the <a href="http://www.doyon.com/corporate_profiles/ancsa.aspx">Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a></i> </li>
<li><i>Largest private land owner in Alaska</i></li>
<li><i>Has over 12.5 million acres of allocated land</i></li>
<li><i>Headquartered in Fairbanks</i></li>
<li><i>Led by a 13 member <a href="http://www.doyon.com/corporate_profiles/directors.aspx">board of directors</a> and a team of <a href="http://www.doyon.com/corporate_profiles/senior_management.aspx">senior managers</a></i> </li>
<li><i>Currently employs 2,800 individuals in its various businesses </i></li>
<li><i>Businesses include <a href="http://www.doyon.com/business_operations/oil_gas_overview.aspx">oil and gas services</a>, <a href="http://www.doyon.com/business_operations/tourism_overview.aspx">tourism</a> and <a href="http://www.doyon.com/business_operations/government_services_overview.aspx">government contracting</a></i></li>
<li><i>Seeks to pursue responsible natural resources development on corporation owned <a href="http://www.doyon.com/lands/overview.aspx">land</a></i></li>
<li><i>Resource development includes <a href="http://www.doyon.com/lands/mineral.aspx">mineral exploration</a>, <a href="http://www.doyon.com/lands/oil_gas.aspx">oil and gas exploration</a>, <a href="http://www.doyon.com/lands/placer_gold.aspx">placer gold</a>, and <a href="http://www.doyon.com/lands/sand_gravel_rock.aspx">sand rock and gravel excavation</a> </i></li>
</ul>
<u></u><span style="font-size: large;">Concluding Thoughts</span><i></i><br />
<i><br /></i><br />
I really enjoyed studying the process that Alaska went through to become a state. It would have been so exciting to be living in Alaska during this time period.<br />
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I must admit that I am not a very political oriented person and most of the information in the government section was new to me.<br />
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I also was appalled to find out that the Permanent Fund has significant shares in the Tobacco Industry. I don't understand why ethical principles are not a bigger aspect of the investment decisions made by the Permanent Fund Board.<br />
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There was so much important information crammed into this module. I feel like it should be split into two modules for future classes. To compensate, I think that some of the earlier modules from the class could be condensed.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Blog Reviews</span><br />
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<a href="http://alaskahistorysurvey.blogspot.com/">Robin</a> gives a nice overview of the pros and cons of World War II on Alaska and a nice overview of the Aleutian Campaign. She also has wonderful pictures.<br />
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<a href="http://www.learnalaska.blogspot.com/">Christy</a> gives a nice overview of the Aleut evacuation. I also related to her comments about blogging being very time consuming.<br />
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<a href="http://mycoveandbeyond.blogspot.com/2012/04/module-viii-world-war-ii.html">Marg</a> has a great section on what was happening in Ketchikan during the war.<br />
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<br />Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-2516579612191323132012-04-11T18:08:00.001-07:002012-04-11T18:12:51.657-07:00Module VIII-World War II<span style="font-size: x-large;">Module VIII -World War II </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Describe the legacy of World War II for Alaska. What happened in Alaska after the war that is largely attributed to World War II? What are Alaskan's living with today that is attributable to WWII?</span><br />
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The greatest legacy of World War II for Alaska are the many military bases that were established throughout the state. <br />
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Nearly all of the military bases that are present and operating in Alaska today were built and put into operation during World War II. These military bases have had and continue to have a profound effect on the culture and economy of the communities that they reside in. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOAdJSXQAsyGzF6M3Q29OEPJdUbNK7Te-BAE-Vzf5PlwYhykheRHjfLW8b8jGhbpCC8gjBAkJi0yHn83Nqy818M8Hh_B4CVKr6ad3lK9XJxjlJTuUTFUcFzeerrYljCTHmAet-xB_BmuOK/s1600/8432d457dc2f2a43d1d85e035d2e_grande.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOAdJSXQAsyGzF6M3Q29OEPJdUbNK7Te-BAE-Vzf5PlwYhykheRHjfLW8b8jGhbpCC8gjBAkJi0yHn83Nqy818M8Hh_B4CVKr6ad3lK9XJxjlJTuUTFUcFzeerrYljCTHmAet-xB_BmuOK/s320/8432d457dc2f2a43d1d85e035d2e_grande.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://wn.com/Kodiak_Coast_Guard_Air_Station">Coast Guard Helicopter on Kodiak Island</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Culture</i><br />
Kodiak, where I lived for five years, has a large <a href="http://www.uscg.mil/d17/airstakodiak/">Coast Guard Base</a> (which originally began as a Navy Base). During my time in Kodiak, many of my friends and associates from school, church and community activities were "coasties".<br />
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Although I never had any formal ties with the coast guard I attended many social and recreational events on the base, including weddings, brunches, senior prom, swimming at the recreation center and walking at Jewel Beach. <br />
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In Fairbanks, where I presently live, the school that I work at is located very close to <a href="http://www.wainwright.army.mil/sites/local/">Fort Wainwright</a> Army Base (which originally began as Ladd Airfield). We have many students at our school who's family are in the military.<br />
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This presents unique challenges as many of these families have a deployed member, and our population tends to be very transient.<br />
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This also creates opportunities for our school community. This coming Thursday, our school is hosting a celebration to honor the military families that attend our school.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh09HDhXMHIAoLxeAS_mhQ3zDeSywrHBlJ3felw7FBX_7kp6UHv7n3asf7bJZmCBJk5AfXom0NjssgABw4Vu021mVhcNiX2mtbT9_O42Ek6JS9UCyJWEYCSFz_QL5gnf93hrbaOlB4UOd10/s1600/STRYKER+and+Troops.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh09HDhXMHIAoLxeAS_mhQ3zDeSywrHBlJ3felw7FBX_7kp6UHv7n3asf7bJZmCBJk5AfXom0NjssgABw4Vu021mVhcNiX2mtbT9_O42Ek6JS9UCyJWEYCSFz_QL5gnf93hrbaOlB4UOd10/s320/STRYKER+and+Troops.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.wainwright.army.mil/safety/">Fort Wainwright Soldiers completing training exercises</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Economical</i><br />
The military bases have a huge impact on the economy of their surrounding communities by providing employment opportunities and bringing new members of the workforce into the community. <br />
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In addition to the enlisted members of the military, many individuals work for the United States Government on and around these bases on a contract capacity.<br />
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Spouses and other family members of military personnel often obtain employment in the communities where they are stationed. At my elementary school we currently have three teachers who are military spouse's. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgecTrW4b8khoHxi-4Ms9zjAqSDp33nBeWRM5LQS-HH2bE7sUJ7F2t05T1MCIgtyRaEQ8rNvC_hWC6LxXxT5TLvx0SgjFLR6_I6q9vyi7XzwTb8cQdvBbup46dezZc7ZdOIRkq6Q1wvxInu/s1600/alaskhighway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgecTrW4b8khoHxi-4Ms9zjAqSDp33nBeWRM5LQS-HH2bE7sUJ7F2t05T1MCIgtyRaEQ8rNvC_hWC6LxXxT5TLvx0SgjFLR6_I6q9vyi7XzwTb8cQdvBbup46dezZc7ZdOIRkq6Q1wvxInu/s320/alaskhighway.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://scoobydoointothewild.wikispaces.com/Alaska+Highway">Beginning of the Alaska Highway</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Another major legacy of World War II in Alaska are the many communication and transportation developments that occurred during this time.<br />
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Many of the roads that connect the various regions of Alaska were constructed or upgraded during the war.<br />
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The Alaska Highway, which connects Alaska with the rest of the continental United States, was built by the military during World War II.<br />
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Many modern airstrips were also first built during World War II.<br />
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In summary, it is largely because of Alaska's involvement in World War II that we have many large military bases in operation today, and a relatively easy time with transportation both within Alaska and outside of Alaska. <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Describe the Major Events in the Aleutian Campaign of World War II.</span><br />
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<b>1942</b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuzcmnfUUGl68TLrT8stUAtaj0JRI-OfSJYZT-2LKlKfyLu_B0pMOIZGMOWmJBed97NzDwxEnVUb7mWqvgbU8RUwjIiI8i1x_-1YS1kNy3O0MP4EQeUaYAZwg0VKDcuIhVzguaTkagFxIB/s1600/300px-Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuzcmnfUUGl68TLrT8stUAtaj0JRI-OfSJYZT-2LKlKfyLu_B0pMOIZGMOWmJBed97NzDwxEnVUb7mWqvgbU8RUwjIiI8i1x_-1YS1kNy3O0MP4EQeUaYAZwg0VKDcuIhVzguaTkagFxIB/s1600/300px-Japanese_Attack_at_Dutch_Harbor.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor">Dutch Harbor After Japanese Attack, June 3, 1942</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>June</i>-The Japanese Bomb Dutch Harbor and occupy the Islands of Attu and Kiska in the westernmost Aluetians.<br />
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Americans immediately begin bombing raids on Attu and Kiska and air to air fights with Japanese aircraft in an effort to retake Attu and Kiska. <br />
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During this time American submarines also attack Japanese ships carrying supplies and arms to Attu and Kiska.<br />
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<b>1943</b><br />
<i>February</i>-The last air-to-air fight between Japanese and American planes over the Aleutian Islands.<br />
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<i>March</i>-United States Navy ships intercept Japanese ships attempting to transport more troops to Kiska. This "Battle of the Commander Islands" causes the Japanese to retreat.<br />
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After this battle the Japanese are isolated and only occasionally able to receive supplies snuck in from destroyers and submarines.<br />
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<i>Late April</i>-Invasion force arrives in Alaska and gathers at Cold Bay.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGi_on3x9olhS17xn3f26YCnVBXqamxIJfzz4hLOgVlYqRuthB-lgYdpi0WcAxJFJWCPUVRRAI2z7x_rjY3jslQ_diz6dJ5fT2okrZpZSeaduGVRiR8oVqEXBXnICrhgMMvpGOEusEoTy1/s1600/300px-Hauling_supplies_on_Attu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGi_on3x9olhS17xn3f26YCnVBXqamxIJfzz4hLOgVlYqRuthB-lgYdpi0WcAxJFJWCPUVRRAI2z7x_rjY3jslQ_diz6dJ5fT2okrZpZSeaduGVRiR8oVqEXBXnICrhgMMvpGOEusEoTy1/s1600/300px-Hauling_supplies_on_Attu.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_Campaign">Soldiers hauling supplies on Attu May 1943</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>May 11-29</i>-United States Attacks and recaptures Attu.<br />
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Of the 15,000 American troops sent ashore, over 3,697 were killed or wounded due to battle or weather related injuries.<br />
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Only 29 of the 2,400 Japanese troops on the Island survived the battle.<br />
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After Attu is retaken the Americans began to plan the recapture of Kiska. Runways are built on Attu and Shemya Island, troops are assembled and bombing raids on Kiska increase.<br />
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During this time the Japanese attempt to remove their troops by submarine. The Japanese eventually abandon these attempts because American forces sink many of their submarines.<br />
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<i>July 28</i>-The Japanese manage a secret escape of Kiska.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcU3uf09a-cpFMiqcJQ6F1e49-StFcy6LYKaGXTXmuabyUtpKFp7yydZ4MtrNEFun58j_M5B78BoGcbCvpA3temYHeo9l6XWxsT_BSmWluoVS76dyNmIWJ8LJrQUHcBeStqluoLmjo_OPd/s1600/kiska.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcU3uf09a-cpFMiqcJQ6F1e49-StFcy6LYKaGXTXmuabyUtpKFp7yydZ4MtrNEFun58j_M5B78BoGcbCvpA3temYHeo9l6XWxsT_BSmWluoVS76dyNmIWJ8LJrQUHcBeStqluoLmjo_OPd/s320/kiska.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://pacificislandparks.com/aleutians/">Japanese occupation site on Kiska Island</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A series of radar contacts are reported 200 miles south of Kiska. These radar contacts temporarily divert the American Navy away from Kiska, allowing two Japanese cruisers and six destroyers to quickly enter Kiska harbor and carry away the remaining Japanese troops.<br />
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Unaware of the Japanese escape, the Americans continue to attack Kiska by air and plan an invasion, thinking that the Japanese might simply have retreated inland.<br />
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<i>August 15</i>-A combined invasion force of 144,000 American and Canadian troops go ashore on Kiska and find the Japanese gone.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Summary</span><br />
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This section once again brought back memories of my time spent in Kodiak. I remember hiking, camping, running, beach combing, picnicking and berry picking at Fort Ambecrombie State Park, which is full of World War II history. I also remember seeing bunkers on hills and cliffs all over the Island.<br />
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This section also made me contemplate the huge impact that the military has on Alaskan Life. If all of the military bases were shut down, I think Alaska would change drastically.<br />
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I found the readings about the Aleutian Campaign fascinating. It made me so sad to think about the miserable weather conditions that the soldiers had to fight in and how unprepared they were for these conditions. The readings also made me feel sad for the Japanese soldiers on Attu, who were so outnumbered by the Americans, and who in many cases jumped off of a cliff rather than surrender. <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Three Blogs</span><br />
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<a href="http://clairepowellalaskanhistoryblog.blogspot.com/">Claire</a> gives a nice overview of Sheldon Jackson's influence on education in Alaska. She also has an interesting section on healthcare in Girdwood.<br />
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<a href="http://edexplorationinak.blogspot.com/">Kristin</a> has some great pictures. She also gives a nice overview of factors that have influenced settlement patterns in Alaska.<br />
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<a href="http://learnalaskaorbust.blogspot.com/">Chris</a> also has a great picture of a moose and a policeman and a thought provoking section about Sheldon Jackson.<br />
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<br />Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-41156475085895638852012-04-03T11:27:00.001-07:002012-04-03T11:29:13.997-07:00Module VII-American Period: Society<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Module VII-American Period: Society</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">How have the settlement patterns of Alaska been a reflection of the natural landscape, distance, resources and the economy?</span></b><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7w4K1FnPAtrfvtQGNAOT6frX9x1GY1jHWVXJYewJfpZjVJVrA980OgdH4wGjZUjY1uuwlMy8Uq5USRHIxtBIakiTKpuMbAYN5n5OOicuY0SMLA3uh5k3iJXmnbzQowEhMJclLpiEZ05R5/s1600/crystal_gold_alaska.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7w4K1FnPAtrfvtQGNAOT6frX9x1GY1jHWVXJYewJfpZjVJVrA980OgdH4wGjZUjY1uuwlMy8Uq5USRHIxtBIakiTKpuMbAYN5n5OOicuY0SMLA3uh5k3iJXmnbzQowEhMJclLpiEZ05R5/s320/crystal_gold_alaska.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://nevada-outback-gems.com/prospect/gold_specimen/Natural_gold2.htm">Alaska Gold Nugget</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Natural Resources</b> ( which are always the result of the natural landscape, and which in turn affect the economy)<br />
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The discovery of gold and oil are two examples of this impact.<br />
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In the late 1800's and early 1900's, major gold discoveries in several parts of the state spurred new settlements. <br />
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After the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968, many Alaskan towns grew rapidly as people came to build the pipeline and work in the oil fields.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpzp7Ham0fovrQWFRVkG6zxGP172zHwvxuO-_FlTk7Y1ijKeyHJ_q0qN-V3twEmCZZapGktXo6lcEF48weh8wAoeTAyYrhxl44mO0qkcGKmIStxs0UZcUMpnL2X6sLMLumzFekSXXO8uwj/s1600/greely.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpzp7Ham0fovrQWFRVkG6zxGP172zHwvxuO-_FlTk7Y1ijKeyHJ_q0qN-V3twEmCZZapGktXo6lcEF48weh8wAoeTAyYrhxl44mO0qkcGKmIStxs0UZcUMpnL2X6sLMLumzFekSXXO8uwj/s320/greely.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://militarybases.com/alaska/fort-greely/">Fort Greely</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Distance </b>(which is always related to natural resources and landscapes) <br />
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The military and oil discovery are two examples of this impact.<br />
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Our state's isolated location, separation from the lower forty-eight and close proximity to Russia are the reasons why the military has had such a strong presence, and thus caused many members of the military and their families to settle in Alaska. <br />
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The reason why the Alyeska Pipeline was built, and thus caused so many people to move to Alaska, was because the distance between the oilfields and a thawed ocean port was vast.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiawjtAjx-4PX3VrLnINX_M6SnbyAPR6e6COCe8VQYbzXmqd90VQDk1HlCBcV7KRrQwEmgITdBVbmGEeA33rpegoLGXzjDq1rIHmFRZoEHOn5_t7yBBMkSOnsXpWM1TNSq_Q2Rx5sATyfXC/s1600/p11169-Prudhoe_Bay_Alaska-Alyeska_pipeline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiawjtAjx-4PX3VrLnINX_M6SnbyAPR6e6COCe8VQYbzXmqd90VQDk1HlCBcV7KRrQwEmgITdBVbmGEeA33rpegoLGXzjDq1rIHmFRZoEHOn5_t7yBBMkSOnsXpWM1TNSq_Q2Rx5sATyfXC/s320/p11169-Prudhoe_Bay_Alaska-Alyeska_pipeline.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.igougo.com/journal-j4278-Prudhoe_Bay-Deadhorse_at_Prudhoe_Bay.html">Alaska Pipeline</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Economy</b> (which always relates to natural resources, natural landscape, and distance) <br />
<br />
Throughout American ownership of Alaska, many communities were created or increased as a result of mining, fishing, oil extraction, logging, tourism, military presence and other economic activities.<br />
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While many of these communities were abandoned after the economic activity ceased, many of these communities are still in existence today.<br />
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In larger communities, such as Anchorage and Fairbanks, hospitals, schools, military bases, universities, stores and other businesses continue to support the local economies. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYBOMBqSPCIVY0QDZJuiDvdinYxH5WF5f7YRJbaLdy5L-0Vpi3SMmke9nsYl1DOKrz5EYHbOaASX_PnVRfLfH2EKS7-7Kn-tRNx78Gy-Isdo59Y5Z4w-Ej1S2rrf5zjGkxVNQkON8eCycr/s1600/kaktovik-village-butchered-bowhead-whale_7949.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYBOMBqSPCIVY0QDZJuiDvdinYxH5WF5f7YRJbaLdy5L-0Vpi3SMmke9nsYl1DOKrz5EYHbOaASX_PnVRfLfH2EKS7-7Kn-tRNx78Gy-Isdo59Y5Z4w-Ej1S2rrf5zjGkxVNQkON8eCycr/s320/kaktovik-village-butchered-bowhead-whale_7949.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/kaktovik-village-children-butchered-bowhead-whale-alaska-7949-pictures.htm">Villagers Butchering Whale in Kaktovik</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Another example of the economy influencing settlement patterns are the many small, rural villages in Alaska.<br />
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Because most of the villages have a subsistence lifestyle with no real economic development, many villages have been abandoned or experienced a decline in population as people have moved to places where they could go to school or obtain employment.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Since the 1870's, what are the types of communities that have evolved in Alaska?</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBuAU4Woxwz7jOkwR5C7G9GYVEKQdSCA8aYQds0rXhCgF_c6w1geSwc8HjSGoAyOY7s9fNvAQwEJSkFSIdydUgzcgM1oLC1DlsYX6KDLlI9QD91ZjWfOFIrj0Iqqqz3Z25htxggok03Rkw/s1600/getimage-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBuAU4Woxwz7jOkwR5C7G9GYVEKQdSCA8aYQds0rXhCgF_c6w1geSwc8HjSGoAyOY7s9fNvAQwEJSkFSIdydUgzcgM1oLC1DlsYX6KDLlI9QD91ZjWfOFIrj0Iqqqz3Z25htxggok03Rkw/s320/getimage-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/nowell&CISOPTR=57&CISOBOX=1&REC=6">Mining Camp at Record City, Alaska 1903</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Mining Camp Communities</b><br />
<br />
Many towns developed as a result of the thousands of gold prospectors that flooded to Alaska after the discovery of gold.<br />
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The buildings and living quarters for these communities were typically tents or temporary log structures. Many of these towns only lasted a short time and were considered very "rough" and "wild".<br />
<br />
Saloons, gambling houses and dance halls were plentiful in these towns. In some of these communities, shootouts and brawls were common.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Nome</a> and <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Circle City</a> began as mining camp towns. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ALsWqIjnIONlQOLQxZFpmU4bcl1uPQ2v_LyQCxXt-aVS4GdvVruE8yNEhk3uEh5rs3_SOK6l9JUddaap8RsrcZbqKTRRgCeSAM9pQsMx39wFHmygCT-IiAvLcZ3CznEdUABWzuZpx6Gu/s1600/9744726.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ALsWqIjnIONlQOLQxZFpmU4bcl1uPQ2v_LyQCxXt-aVS4GdvVruE8yNEhk3uEh5rs3_SOK6l9JUddaap8RsrcZbqKTRRgCeSAM9pQsMx39wFHmygCT-IiAvLcZ3CznEdUABWzuZpx6Gu/s320/9744726.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.artificialowl.net/2008/08/abandoned-copper-mine-of-kennecott.html">Abandoned Community at Kennecott Mine</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Company Towns</b><br />
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After the initial gold stampedes, large mining companies began setting up operations in Alaska. Many of these companies developed towns on the land that they owned.<br />
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These towns typically consisted of boarding houses, offices and other community buildings such as bowling alleys, swimming pools and reading rooms.<br />
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Most company towns are no longer in existance. The Kennecott Copper Mines, Treadwell Gold mines, and Chatanika Gold Fields were three places that had company towns.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ZHiTKoOFnFIvcs76P3VYpJAt09m4176rCMLatQye2ff66F-OJeKEbcpf04TMaFIRtr6nK4Y2uDzuW_vUB8pxtHMSI89R7LumGBBZ51qFMC6ByoFyXQ3RX-csAicnuLyd_N2rp0G2mq-b/s1600/6141022676_0123ee783d_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ZHiTKoOFnFIvcs76P3VYpJAt09m4176rCMLatQye2ff66F-OJeKEbcpf04TMaFIRtr6nK4Y2uDzuW_vUB8pxtHMSI89R7LumGBBZ51qFMC6ByoFyXQ3RX-csAicnuLyd_N2rp0G2mq-b/s320/6141022676_0123ee783d_z.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/coast_guard/6141022676/">Coast Guard Base Kodiak, Alaska</a> </td></tr>
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<b>Military Posts </b><br />
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American Alaska has experienced two time periods of major military growth.<br />
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During the early gold rush years, seven military posts were established in Alaska. <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Sitka</a> was heavily impacted by its military post. <br />
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During World War II, several naval stations, army posts and airfields were established throughout Alaska. <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Kodiak</a> and <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Fairbanks</a> are two communities that were and continue to be heavily impacted by their military posts. <br />
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Military posts in many ways were and are complete communities. Fort Wainwright here in Fairbanks has a grocery store, hospital, childcare center, recreation facilities and housing. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxJNNESokxcNpNqefBAKz02BLvKmJ7GX680okFyQ-neEh8R7WjTbMy6jMeGFmbVyLqog8CINmrx-1T4guRTh6RglfOyJ4BKTiafNd_uzB9iGHsrHsESQHZXn22IYIRHFypmNb08DdpYNRA/s1600/Mvc-006s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxJNNESokxcNpNqefBAKz02BLvKmJ7GX680okFyQ-neEh8R7WjTbMy6jMeGFmbVyLqog8CINmrx-1T4guRTh6RglfOyJ4BKTiafNd_uzB9iGHsrHsESQHZXn22IYIRHFypmNb08DdpYNRA/s1600/Mvc-006s.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.delange.org/Alaska24/Alaska24.htm">Traintracks in Nenana, Alaska</a></td></tr>
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<b>Transportation and Communication Center Towns</b><br />
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Many new Alaskan communities were established along the routes that roads, railroads, cable and telegraph systems were built. <br />
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These communities were often more well-rounded and family oriented than mining camp communities and company towns. In 1908 the community of Cordova had schools, churches, furniture manufacturers and several types of small shops.<br />
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<a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Anchorage</a>, <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Cordova</a> and <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Nenana</a> were settled largely as a result of the roads, railroad and waterways that were build and used for transportation. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_xFcrWZCoOMuk6GZT4UWShihf4dFvrMfafhyphenhyphenEBF2ZKSIHWW0GuBBWh5VrkjY74X6rtXfWFzhttkGCnDYvNR7RdgAnWJ6porPM2-mAy50JxOEhBlqf1RErdC05mn6sUzhyQEBhotkvUBn9/s1600/rural-village_4275.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_xFcrWZCoOMuk6GZT4UWShihf4dFvrMfafhyphenhyphenEBF2ZKSIHWW0GuBBWh5VrkjY74X6rtXfWFzhttkGCnDYvNR7RdgAnWJ6porPM2-mAy50JxOEhBlqf1RErdC05mn6sUzhyQEBhotkvUBn9/s320/rural-village_4275.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/gambell-rural-village-st-lawrence-island-alaska-4275-pictures.htm">Village on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska</a> </td></tr>
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<b>Alaska Native Communities</b><br />
<br />
Many Alaska Natives have lived and continue to live in small rural communities that were and are still predominately Native. These communities have a strong subsistence lifestyle. <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Kongiganak</a> and <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">Point Hope</a> are two of these types of communities.<br />
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The village corporations that were established as part of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 was created in part to help these small, rural communities continue to survive.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZGDsBol-TsWz6zmhjB8ahtpTocLGR_vrdM7UhnnasO9ljUtU-GCfWlOFrWZBs-qpooCCxdigzefZAenQE9GOaBSZ1pfVYxNdl-OYJPF65nU9GY8SGINYf03WMRBZz0b5Gds8kGyLOyPMR/s1600/numblog0904_art_400_20080904161018.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZGDsBol-TsWz6zmhjB8ahtpTocLGR_vrdM7UhnnasO9ljUtU-GCfWlOFrWZBs-qpooCCxdigzefZAenQE9GOaBSZ1pfVYxNdl-OYJPF65nU9GY8SGINYf03WMRBZz0b5Gds8kGyLOyPMR/s320/numblog0904_art_400_20080904161018.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/numbersguy/counting-our-towns-408/">Wasilla, Alaska</a> </td></tr>
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<b>Suburbs</b><br />
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Suburbs were established in the 1970's when Alaska's population nearly doubled as a result of the building of the pipeline, and new roads. <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS_2.cfm?Comm_Boro_Name=Eagle%20River-Chugiak">Eagle River</a> and <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm">North Pole</a> are examples of these types of communities.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Concluding Paragraph</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">It was hard for me to clearly separate and explain how natural landscape, resources, distance and economy have contributed to settlement patterns, because all of these factors are very interconnected and each settlement in Alaska has been influenced by all four of these factors.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is so interesting for me to think of what it would have been like to live in Alaska prior to the oil discovery at Prudhoe Bay and then see the huge increase in population that occurred when the pipeline began to be built. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">I really liked the small changes that were made to this module that make it clearer. I like how the "required" readings were separated from the "nice to know" readings. This helped me to see more clearly what the instructors felt was important for me to know, understand and write about. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">I also felt like the questions were a little clearer and easier to understand.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b> </b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Three Blog Reviews</span></b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://dianeisexploringalaska.blogspot.com/">Dianne</a> gives a good overview of communication systems development in Alaska.<br />
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<a href="http://brad-hoyt.blogspot.com/">Brad</a> makes a lot of good connections between communication development in Alaska and the impacts on Native Culture and the environment. He also has a nice list of lesson topics related to transportation.<br />
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<a href="http://mycoveandbeyond.blogspot.com/">Marg</a> has a very well constructed blog. She has some great links and a wonderful overview and pictures of ten roads in Alaska.<br />
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<br />Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-8498000646737652982012-03-21T00:56:00.000-07:002012-04-03T11:29:43.521-07:00Module VI-American Period: Transportation and Communication<style>
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</style><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Module VI-American Period: Transportation & Communication</span></span></b><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><b><i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">What are issues facing Alaskans today related to transportation and communication?</span></i></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">This past week was Spring Break and as a result my husband, daughter and I drove down to Homer to spend a few days with my mother, who lives there.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">During our trip, we had the opportunity to accompany a contract postal worker on one of his biweekly mail delivery trips across the Katchemak Bay to the small community of Little Tutka.</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBU8_DyK8muUu0apmw0TyffO4H5PBkbOtv6y4LBvlXU1WSPwdPoE5GlFy21aSnmvHqfCAU4Qem4l7dmpATIV8pWfKTellenaHuYYZbFA_0bMCtOcZiB1d1avYMGeyn0nY_UXpy_1Qi3hWl/s1600/DSC_0558.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBU8_DyK8muUu0apmw0TyffO4H5PBkbOtv6y4LBvlXU1WSPwdPoE5GlFy21aSnmvHqfCAU4Qem4l7dmpATIV8pWfKTellenaHuYYZbFA_0bMCtOcZiB1d1avYMGeyn0nY_UXpy_1Qi3hWl/s400/DSC_0558.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The mailboat tied to the Dock at Little Tutka on March 16,2012</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">This experience caused me to contemplate two of the major issues related to transportation that exist in Alaska today.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The first issue is hazardous travel conditions.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The day we rode in the small mail boat, the weather was cold and windy, and the waves were big. The ride was fun and exciting but also scary!</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">When we were safely back on land my mom, who frequently rides across the bay, said that these were the biggest waves that she had ever experienced.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The postal worker we rode with did not seem at all concerned. After the trip, I asked him what his criteria was for cancelling a trip, and he said that the waves would have to be “bigger and steeper”. </span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">These comments caused me to reflect about all of the weather and terrain related risks that we as Alaskan’s take, such as flying in small planes in stormy skies and riding in small boats over stormy seas to simply get from place to place and to deliver mail and goods.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">When I lived in Kodiak, I remember many times when I would get “weathered out” and have to spend the night in Anchorage on my way back home from a trip.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Residents, such as myself that live in Fairbanks, Anchorage and the other larger Alaskan communities that are connected to a major road system and have a larger airport are definitely spoiled!</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKHLn2mOqWL7yxt9tNxcr-0KB6e8SAObNyEdiLQ-StwJ5lFG5eTszsGb1uiWaZIBOKR-zHer-jN6LbPj0WvF37GiHMwDDEBWtuRZHc3IdqgVTS7axxDQtbzxq3N8w7rVtkDKkAA0fTK7wv/s1600/DSC_0565.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKHLn2mOqWL7yxt9tNxcr-0KB6e8SAObNyEdiLQ-StwJ5lFG5eTszsGb1uiWaZIBOKR-zHer-jN6LbPj0WvF37GiHMwDDEBWtuRZHc3IdqgVTS7axxDQtbzxq3N8w7rVtkDKkAA0fTK7wv/s400/DSC_0565.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Me, my husband, daughter and mother in the mailboat when we arrived safely back to Homer</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">In general, I think that most Alaskans are generally more adventurous, and willing to take more travel risks than the average American.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The second major issue is the increased cost of transportation and communication in and out of and within Alaska.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">During my recent mail boat experience, I discovered that there are only four permanent residents of the community of Little Tutka. I cannot even imagine how much money the United States Postal Service must spend to pay for contract mail services to this little community and others like it.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">In my own personal life, I have felt the effects of high transportation costs.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">For the past two summers, my daughter was under two years old and was able to fly for free as a “lap infant”, making airline travel somewhat affordable. Now that she is two and must have her own ticket, I imagine that most of our future travel will consist of road trips in Alaska.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">I experienced another example of this high cost of transportation when I attended high school in Kodiak and Barrow.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Every time I would travel for a school activity, such as a sports or music event, the school would pay for my plane ticket, along with the plane tickets of all the coaches, teachers, and chaperones. The school would also pay for the rental vehicles and sometimes hotel rooms for everyone.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The activities budget for high schools in rural Alaska must be HUGE! This money is spent just to be able to provide students with the typical activities that most American high school students are able to participate in with a simple bus ride.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">This high cost of airline travel to and from and within Alaska creates a unique aspect of Alaskan culture in which people sign up for various credit cards, spend certain amounts of money on certain items, give up their seats on overbooked flights to get free future use tickets, cash in their dividends and figure out other creative methods of obtaining affordable plane tickets, to simply go on a short trip or visit relatives.</span><br style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>Identify the three major railroads in Alaska history - where? when? why? ownership?current status?</i></b></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: large;">White Pass and Yukon Railway</span></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.city-data.com/picfilesc/picc26162.php">White Pass and Yukon Railway</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br />The White Pass and Yukon Railway went from Skagway to Whitehorse, Yukon Territory. Construction on the railway began in 1898 and was completed in 1900.<br /><br />The railroad was largely financed by British investors. A contractor named John Heney oversaw the construction of the railroad.<br /><br />This railroad was built to serve the Canadian Klondike gold rush stampeders. After the gold rush ended, it was used to transport ore from Canadian mines to Skagway, and to transport tourists from Skagway to Whitehorse.<br /><br />During World War II, the railroad was “loaned” to the United States Government for use in hauling war supplies to Whitehorse.<br /><br />After World War II, this railroad slowed down and again continued to haul tourists and freight.<br /><br />When a highway was connected between Whitehorse and Skagway in the 1970’s, the railroad business greatly declined leaving its future uncertain. The railroad was shut down in 1982 when low mineral prices caused a collapse of the mining industry.<br /><br />The railway was reopened in 1988 as a seasonal tourism service. Today it continues to serve summer tourists by taking them from Skagway, Alaska to Carcross, Yukon, which is the first first 67.5 miles of the original 110 mile route. </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: large;">Alaska Railroad</span></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://thealtahouse.com/Alaska-Railroad-Whistlestop-in-Girdwood.html">The Alaska Railroad</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br />The Alaska Railroad ran from Seward to Fairbanks, with a section going to the coal fields in the Matanuska River. It was meant to be a main route between an ice-free port in the Gulf of Alaska and Interior Alaska.<br /><br />Although businessmen dreamed of building this railroad as early as 1900, it was not until 1914, when President Wilson signed a bill authorizing a government-built Alaska Railroad that this dream inched toward reality.<br /><br />In 1917, the coal fields branch was completed. The other portion of this railroad was not completed until 1923.<br /><br />This railroad had financial difficulty. While there was sufficient business carrying supplies and mining equipment on north-bound trips, there was little cargo to be carried on south-bound return trips.<br /><br />The Railroad tried to promote tourism and encourage a reindeer industry to generate south-bound revenue. Shortly before World War II, the Alaska Railroad began making a profit for the first time.<br /><br />During World War II, the railroad was used heavily to transport military supplies to interior Alaska. However, the railroad was not adequately maintained, and by the end of the war it was in need of major repairs.<br /><br />It continued to operate during the next several decades, largely as a result of the military construction boom of the 1950’s and the pipeline construction boom of the 1970’s.<br /><br />In 1984, the State of Alaska bought the railroad in an effort to assure that it would continue to operate. It is now operated as an independent state agency called the Alaska Railroad Corporation.<br /><br />Today the railroad operates mainly as a tourist attraction year round.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: large;">Copper River and Northwestern Railway</span></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.mccarthylodge.com/about-the-area/mccarthy-kennicott">Copper River and Northwestern Railway</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br />The Copper River and Northwestern Railway ran from Cordova to the Kennecott Copper Mines in the Wrangell Mountains. It was built specifically to meet the needs of the Kennecott Copper Mines.<br /><br />Interest in completing this railroad began in 1899 when copper claims were staked in the Copper River Basin. <br /><br />In 1911, the railroad began operating after twelve years of discussion about the exact route of the railroad and changes in financial backing.<br /><br />The railroad was entirely financed by the Kennecott Copper Corporation, which was originally called the Alaska Syndicate. This company was made up of wealthy and influential families from the East Coast.<br /><br />John Heney, the same man that oversaw the building of the White Pass and Yukon Railway was hired to be in charge of the building of the Copper River and Northwestern Railway.<br /><br />During its years of operation, the railroad carried shipments from the mine to Cordova once or twice a week. On its way up to the mine, the railroad carried business men, tourists, miners and mining supplies.<br /><br />In 1938, the Kennecott Mines closed and the Copper River and Northwestern Railway stopped operating.<br /><br />In 1941, the Kennecott Corporation donated the bridges and land around the tracks to the United States government.<br /><br />During World War II, thirteen miles of the rail line were used between Cordova and the Cordova airport. Prior to 1947, sixty miles of the line between Chitna and McCarthy were used for light tram traffic.<br /><br />Today the road from Chitna to McCarthy sits on the old railway roadbed.<br /><br /><i>Concluding Thoughts</i><br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">I enjoyed the information in this module, although I did not find it quite as interesting as the past two modules. I find it interesting that many of the issues that we face today related to communication and transportation in Alaska are the same issues that the Alaska Natives and early European settlers faced for hundreds and sometimes thousands of years (hazardous travel conditions, high cost of transportation).<br /><br />In a way, I am glad that these issues exist, because if they did not, then Alaska would become much more populated and developed. However, because of the difficulties related to communication and transportation I think that Alaska will never become overly developed and populated.<br /><br />This is exactly the kind of place where I am content to live. I am happy to trade high costs of living and increased travel hazards for beautiful scenery, lots of space, smaller population and less overall development.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><i>Three Blog Review</i>s<br /><br /><a href="http://latitude61alaska.blogspot.com/">Crystal</a> gives a good explanation of the conflict that exists between the tourism industry and other Alaskan industries such as mining and logging.<br /><br /><a href="http://explorealaskawithwhitney.blogspot.com/">Whitney</a> gives a great summary of reindeer herding in Alaska. I really enjoyed reading the link that she provided in this section<br /><br /><a href="http://crossingalaska.blogspot.com/">Kristi</a> has a great section that explains why the United States bought Alaska from Russia. I also really liked her picture of a fishing wheel in the water by Haines. </span></div>Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-17825746617705398352012-03-12T11:25:00.000-07:002012-04-03T11:30:25.164-07:00Module V-American Period: Alaska's Economy<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>V- American Period: Alaska's Economy</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;">What have been the major components of the Alaska
economy during the American period of 1867-present?</span></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"What Drives the Alaska Economy?"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scott Goldsmith, UA Research Summary No.3</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">UAA ISER Dec. 20</span> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Since the American purchase in 1867, Alaska has had a
diverse mix of economic activity. Today,
there is an almost equal three way split of Alaska’s economy between the
Federal Government, the petroleum industry and all other industries. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Federal Government Spending</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Federal government spending is high in Alaska for three main
reasons. The first reason is that the
Federal Government owns 59% of Alaskan Land.
In order to properly care for and manage this land, the federal
government must operate many programs and employ many people.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/alaska-building/">Alaskan Highway Workers</a></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The second reason is that Alaska has a strong military presence. This
presence dates back to World War II when hundreds of thousands of troops
were sent to Alaska. These troops build
many of the roads, military bases and airfields that are still being used and operated today. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2r69t3JeG9Gx3Z60oHAM-x2auisA09GrhDLMdpLwFHIQ8Sa37yf4dfIzul1TWNfJlLjv7J5yNKIk9_q82vbekfB8-7zm1WLdebtcB9g0Y-ffrGKNS_1fGeT7mcWpOSVILO1nqE58BtG1e/s1600/ted-stevens-wins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2r69t3JeG9Gx3Z60oHAM-x2auisA09GrhDLMdpLwFHIQ8Sa37yf4dfIzul1TWNfJlLjv7J5yNKIk9_q82vbekfB8-7zm1WLdebtcB9g0Y-ffrGKNS_1fGeT7mcWpOSVILO1nqE58BtG1e/s200/ted-stevens-wins.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://technorati.com/politics/article/former-senator-ted-stevens-killed-in/">Former Senator Ted Stevens</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The third reason is that former Senator Ted Stevens used his
position of power as a senior member of the senate to strongly advocate for
Federal Spending in Alaska. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGRsIt7LLWmi6JQQ8xM0qbi_AXbtN9RV98eftG6sj1rPiF04KWIP02BQZR5wwb4wVXjtwzz_909xRIHcBhDvy4Lu4VMtnna5NWyZGZRUWDNymLZQWeE8PlvtC5_DYDLQUJC98_sTdLo5SG/s1600/prudhoe-bay-sunshine_3205.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGRsIt7LLWmi6JQQ8xM0qbi_AXbtN9RV98eftG6sj1rPiF04KWIP02BQZR5wwb4wVXjtwzz_909xRIHcBhDvy4Lu4VMtnna5NWyZGZRUWDNymLZQWeE8PlvtC5_DYDLQUJC98_sTdLo5SG/s200/prudhoe-bay-sunshine_3205.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/prudhoe-bay-sunshine-3205-pictures.htm">Prudhoe Bay Sunrise</a> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Petroleum Industry</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The first commercial oil development in Alaska began in 1902
in Katall, a now abandoned town located 76 miles southeast of Cordova. In the several decades that followed, oil
exploration and small scale oil development occurred in many different parts of
Alaska. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The major Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was first discovered in
1968, but could not be developed until a cost effective method of transporting
the oil could be engineered.
Construction of the famous <a href="http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ean08.sci.ess.earthsys.pipeline/">Alaska Pipeline</a> began in 1974 and oil began
flowing through it in 1977. Although the amount of oil produced in
Prudhoe Bay has decreased in recent years, it continues to provide major
economic benefit to the Alaskan economy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Other Important Industries</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcwTKWMvi3wcGJWAvnWNSbt9OI2n7K2Y7dmXHVludHm2wNX4Vod-77zEMH-ufQyqun9POXBaNAm8bJKlC4NZilY6Vel38HQy1DUGGYYL8OYPGslJTgNAxE8WkAcoDIuNK3pSVaNVLeTRTZ/s1600/gold-panning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcwTKWMvi3wcGJWAvnWNSbt9OI2n7K2Y7dmXHVludHm2wNX4Vod-77zEMH-ufQyqun9POXBaNAm8bJKlC4NZilY6Vel38HQy1DUGGYYL8OYPGslJTgNAxE8WkAcoDIuNK3pSVaNVLeTRTZ/s320/gold-panning.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.gold-prospecting-equipment.net/gold-panning-equipment/">Gold Miner</a></span> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Many other industries have contributed to Alaska’s Economy
since it was first purchased by the United States. Fishing and mining are two of the most
important.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Alaska’s first major Gold Strike occurred in 1880 near
present day Juneau. This strike was the
beginning of an era of prospectors rushing to Alaska to try and find gold and
earn their fortunes. Other early gold
strikes important to Alaska were located near present day Fairbanks and Nome
and in the Canadian Klondike. Today Gold
continues to be discovered and mined in various locations throughout Alaska.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVKUN2YoxRFlP7IM1M43YZLokw75Mc55Cw-hS0f5gr2ydfBKNd-r9B5xXo3Px_XlCa45czehr81XwT0iqrvqGJ25oSFn0ckaBcB0WcwFaF0ORBGzYbv_MeeT9rqaxW55sZamYMk9uibWJz/s1600/mc_daytours_ss04_sup01_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVKUN2YoxRFlP7IM1M43YZLokw75Mc55Cw-hS0f5gr2ydfBKNd-r9B5xXo3Px_XlCa45czehr81XwT0iqrvqGJ25oSFn0ckaBcB0WcwFaF0ORBGzYbv_MeeT9rqaxW55sZamYMk9uibWJz/s1600/mc_daytours_ss04_sup01_big.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://alaska.org/mccarthy/st-elias-guides-mine.jsp">Kennecott Mine</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In addition to gold, copper has been an important mineral in
Alaska’s economy. The famous Kennecott
Copper Mine operated from 1911-1938. At
the time of its discovery, Kennecott was one of the richest deposits of ore
ever discovered.
Today Copper Continues to be mined at the Red Dog mine near Kotzebue.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD005PFDu4JJz3r2GyaMmG1D9rrT2hM_YSAqCLgiznLRnFEhWJR6jGobH3ZyPbAQqypgQ6K5vN62xHK-DD6eXZexz0oXKD1PITJeMQGdMBOUxgRo8iTgN2R9AyMue2FmdWopnHC9DYF6vL/s1600/AlaskaFish-AP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD005PFDu4JJz3r2GyaMmG1D9rrT2hM_YSAqCLgiznLRnFEhWJR6jGobH3ZyPbAQqypgQ6K5vN62xHK-DD6eXZexz0oXKD1PITJeMQGdMBOUxgRo8iTgN2R9AyMue2FmdWopnHC9DYF6vL/s200/AlaskaFish-AP.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.oceanleadership.org/2009/ocean-acidification-may-be-trouble-for-alaskan-fish/">Fishing in Alaska</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Fishing is also an important part of Alaska's economy. Salmon has
been the dominant species in Alaska’s commercial fishing industry. However, crab, shrimp, cod, halibut and
herring also contribute to
Alaska’s economy. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Other components of Alaska’s economy have included fur
hunting and trapping, logging, farming, herding and tourism.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">What is the current status of mineral development in
Alaska?</span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMp8sKIopl73ignVqpoNatZUvxEfVgcgOTyTiMAk25tLbEeQmMmNk2hW_KBahmrUqvCEDekRbsLpsQnE50ElSSkstsoXlJF3i5L7faexEILCkhUvPi2PrPG5xR5Yd48mhgzt1g7Lho8j5/s1600/AR05_pg21_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMp8sKIopl73ignVqpoNatZUvxEfVgcgOTyTiMAk25tLbEeQmMmNk2hW_KBahmrUqvCEDekRbsLpsQnE50ElSSkstsoXlJF3i5L7faexEILCkhUvPi2PrPG5xR5Yd48mhgzt1g7Lho8j5/s200/AR05_pg21_01.jpg" width="168" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.gov.state.ak.us/trade/2005/partners/switzerland_export2005.php">Fort Knox Gold Min<span style="font-size: x-small;">e</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Today, many large and small mines operate in Alaska. The price of gold has risen substantially in recent years, prompting increased interest in further gold exploration and mining. <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/ded/dev/minerals/fortknox.htm">Fort Knox</a>, located near Fairbanks, <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/ded/dev/minerals/pogo.htm">Pogo</a>,
located near Delta Junction and <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/ded/dev/minerals/nixon.htm">Nixon Fork</a> located near McGrath are three of the the gold
mines currently operating in the state. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In addition to gold mines, the <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/ded/dev/minerals/usibelli.htm">Usibelli Coal Mine</a> near Healy and the <a href="http://commerce.alaska.gov/ded/dev/minerals/reddog.htm">Red Dog Copper Mine</a> near Kotzebue are currently in operation.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVDntNCYRmgEy5aBhaA5I7YRke8Ju-TRt7w7vfTmVLsPwUBBfvVJikS4jDrPtf9SCB7uqc6Jmskjpa01BAr5TYJMuAs99z8Ow-wUwDeJJ1QV39vrMDsHx8-P5hPvgK4xGA2dwtx_HLPrrz/s1600/images-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVDntNCYRmgEy5aBhaA5I7YRke8Ju-TRt7w7vfTmVLsPwUBBfvVJikS4jDrPtf9SCB7uqc6Jmskjpa01BAr5TYJMuAs99z8Ow-wUwDeJJ1QV39vrMDsHx8-P5hPvgK4xGA2dwtx_HLPrrz/s320/images-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/02/pebble-mine-alaska-voters-copper-gold-salmon_n_991108.html">Pebble Mine Site</a> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Exploration and development of
potential sites for future mines is happening in many places throughout the
state. Some of these explorations and
developments are highly controversial. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> The proposed Pebble Mine is the center of major controversy right now
due to its location near Bristol Bay, one of the world's largest and most well known wild salmon fishing
locations. While many Alaskan residents are highly
supportive of the proposed mine because of its potential to boost the area's
economy, many Alaskan residents are fiercely opposed to it because of the potential threat
it poses to the salmon industry. Links to two different websites, one in favor of Pebble Mine and one against it are listed below.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRNSCiaJv8V9EiaANYnq40NN_iynnh1sYSxHQSnwC1G5cnExQZJXdstsIYQZ_HX2x6jaM0ekZOhl5YWWe_tSdCTFq5HH1CeS3227O9fokz_80lW8UbA2ICwggssU7WdLDuZnYkTfv6XFK/s1600/nug01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRNSCiaJv8V9EiaANYnq40NN_iynnh1sYSxHQSnwC1G5cnExQZJXdstsIYQZ_HX2x6jaM0ekZOhl5YWWe_tSdCTFq5HH1CeS3227O9fokz_80lW8UbA2ICwggssU7WdLDuZnYkTfv6XFK/s200/nug01.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.akmining.com/mine/nuggets.htm">Large Gold Nugget</a></span> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.renewableresourcescoalition.org/pebble-mine">Renewable Resources Coalition</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.truthaboutpebble.org/">Truth about Pebble</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Right now the economic contribution of mining is small in
relation to Federal spending and petroleum. However, mining may play a bigger economic role
in the future if petroleum production continues to decline, federal government spending decreases and the price of precious metals, particularly gold, continues to rise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Concluding Thoughts </b></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Once again, I found this module very insightful. I did not realize that federal spending made up such a large part of Alaska's Economy. I find this aspect of the Alaska economy very ironic, because it seems to contradict the very conservative, "less government is better" mindset that I have noticed to be very prevalent among Alaskans. In reality, the large government influence is the reason why many of us are able to live comfortably here in Alaska. </span><br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;">The mining aspect of the module was also interesting to me. This is partly because my husband, a geology student, is interviewing for a possible job at Fort Knox Mine tomorrow. This interview has caused me to think a lot about the impacts and ethics of mining, particularly the Pebble Mine controversy. On one hand, I see the devastating impacts that such a mine could have on the environment, in this case, especially the salmon industry. However, on the other hand, in the future, it is quite possible that my husband will be employed by a mine, and our ability to buy food, pay our mortgage and all other necessary bills will be directly linked to the mining industry. It is also true that in our modern, western, materialistic society, we are highly dependent on an abundance of minerals everyday. Even if Pebble Mine does not get developed, another mine like it will be developed somewhere in the world. <br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">I would greatly appreciate some guidance on the appropriate way to cite sources in an internet creation, such as this blog. Particularly, is it appropriate to to find images by going to "Google Images" and then putting a link to the page that the picture originated from? If not, what is the correct way to gather and cite pictures on the internet. Also, throughout the blog, do I need to cite sources that I have read, such as the Alaska History Course, and give a formal reference section at the end of the post? I have noticed that some people are doing this and some people are not. My only experience with citing and referencing is with traditional research papers using APA style, so guidance in the area would be greatly appreciated.</span><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Three Blog Reviews</span></b><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://underwoodexploresalaska.blogspot.com/">Niki's</a> blog is very well organized and easy to read. She gives an excellent overview of the legacy left behind from Russian America. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://investigatealaska.blogspot.com/">Betty's</a> blog has a really nice picture of a church in Sitka. She gives a thorough explanation of why the Russians were interested in Alaska.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: large;">I liked the sometimes humorous tone of <a href="http://teachingtatitlek.blogspot.com/">Lane's</a> blog. I enjoyed reading the section about the Spanish exploration of Alaska.</span>Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-91305845259090366182012-03-05T02:45:00.000-08:002012-03-05T02:45:30.819-08:00I V-Russian America<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Module IV-Russian America </b></span></div>
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<b>What was the nature of cultural contact between the Europeans of Russian
America and the Natives of Alaska?</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Aleut Hunters in Kayaks</span></td></tr>
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The nature of cultural contact between the Europeans of
Russian America and the Natives of Alaska varied greatly throughout the
different regions of Alaska. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The <a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=192">Aleut and Koniag</a> were the two Native groups that received the most cultural impact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While some positive interactions
did take place between the two groups during the early part of Russian America, many were
very hostile, with the Russians exploiting and using the Natives to further the progress of
the Company.</div>
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When the Russian fur traders arrived in Alaska, they
thoroughly defeated and often enslaved the Aleuts and Koniags by meeting them
in battles, taking hostages and seizing their boats. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Russians then used the natives to hunt
their desired furs and to complete daily living tasks for the company such as
hunting and gathering food and sewing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In many instances the Russians also organized the Natives into large
communities to better control them.</div>
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During this early time of hostility the Russians began
to introduce education and religious instruction to the Natives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While Russian Orthodox missionaries did not arrive in Alaska until 1794, many of the fur traders began teaching Christianity
and baptizing natives prior to that time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
1784, Gregorii and Natal’ia <a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=306">Shelikhov</a> opened the first formal school to teach
Russian and religion to the Native children of Kodiak that they were holding
hostage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>During this early time of contact, both the Russians and the
Natives assimilated or adopted many aspects of each others diets, clothing,
housing and tools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Natives usually continued to eat their
traditional diet, live in their traditional housing styles and wear their
traditional dress with a few items of European clothing mingled with it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Russians often ate many of the Native
foods, and adopted the traditional housing styles and clothing of
the local Natives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through trade with
the Russians, the Natives <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>obtained and
quickly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>began using many new tools and
weapons such as knives, axes, saws, metal cooking pots, crockery. </div>
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In addition to changes among the Russians and the Natives,
an entirely new Creole culture began during the Russian America period.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While in Alaska, many of the Russian men
married and had children with Native women.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The children of these unions were called Creoles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Creoles were considered Russian citizens,
however, they were excused from serving in the military and paying taxes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They could choose to work for the Russian
Company or to live as natives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Russians opened several Creole technical schools to train them to work in
different jobs for the company. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">How did the
establishment of the Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska change both the Colony
and the indigenous population.</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDEm_38c0FiyfzF0_cl5jgMRiTkgPEpd9bwKXAgWc1k8JkWbjohrWFzy6Pyu_mPpqPrxjH4zNKg4lnFZm-EgC0JxuhwHdGZtN6C0PCveF0cTeK6ilapUAosJwf19uvC6Ai5ckURB4BldaQ/s1600/Russian-church-Kodiak.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDEm_38c0FiyfzF0_cl5jgMRiTkgPEpd9bwKXAgWc1k8JkWbjohrWFzy6Pyu_mPpqPrxjH4zNKg4lnFZm-EgC0JxuhwHdGZtN6C0PCveF0cTeK6ilapUAosJwf19uvC6Ai5ckURB4BldaQ/s320/Russian-church-Kodiak.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Kodiak Russian Orthodox Church</span></td></tr>
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In general, the establishment of the Russian Orthodox Church
in Alaska helped to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>improve the moral
conduct of the Russian colonists and the treatment and status of the indigenous
people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the first Russian Orthodox
missionaries arrived in Alaska in 1794, they strongly objected to the moral
conduct of the fur traders and their abuse of the Natives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The missionaries first complained to the
company officials, and when little or no improvements were made, they then complained
to the officials in Russia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1796 one
monk named Makary was so disturbed by the situation that he personally went to
Saint Petersburg to complain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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The moral conduct of the company and the treatment of the
indigenous population greatly improved after Governor and Company Manager Aleksandr <a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=303">Baranov</a> left Alaska in 1818. After his departure, the fur traders began providing more support to the missionaries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> The treatment of the indigenous population further improved</span> in the 1820’s
after the second Charter of the Russian American Company required an
increased amount of priests and church personnel to be present in the
colony.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result of this requirement,
many new missionaries arrived in Alaska in the 1820’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of their first tasks was to train the Natives to be priests and to perform lay positions in the church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also helped create alphabets and written
languages among the natives, translated religious texts, established and taught
at schools and ministered to the sick. </div>
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One of the most influential missionaries in Alaska was
Father Ioann Veniaminov, later named <a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=307">St. Innocent</a>, who arrive in Alaska in 1824.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During his time in Alaska, he lived in
Unalaska, Sitka and Yakutusk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of
his achievements included writing ethnographic and scientific studies of
Alaska, teaching at a school, assisting in the development of an alphabet for
the Fox Islands Aleuts, and translating some liturgical texts into the Aleut
language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also instructed the Natives in skills such as carpentry
and bricklaying.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 1830’s when a
smallpox epidemic arose throughout the colony, he helped to vaccinate many
people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Another very prominent and successful Russian Orthodox
missionary in Alaska was Netsvetov, who was the son of the Atka Island manager
for the Russian-American Company and his Aleut wife.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He went to seminary and then returned to Atka
to work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During his time in Atka he
improved the school, studied the Aleut language and culture and revised the Fox
Island Alphabet<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that Veniaminov and the
Aleut Chief Ivan Pankov had developed earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1845 he
moved to the Yukon-Kuskokwim church mission where he worked until 1862.</div>
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In conclusion, the establishment of the Russian Orthodox
Church in Alaska caused the Russian colonists to be held accountable for their
treatment of the natives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result of
this higher degree of accountability, the position of the indigenous people was
raised<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from one of essentially being slaves
to the Russian fur traders, to that of citizens who were able to attend school,
read and write in their traditional languages, be trained and work in various
vocations, and hold positions in the church. </div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Three Blog Reviews:</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://explorealaska1.blogspot.com/">Joel's Blog</a>: Joel teaches mainly math and science at a small k-12 school on the Glenn Highway. He has some interesting discussion about how a culture is defined. He also gives neat examples from experiences that he had in Toksook Bay.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://edexplorationinak.blogspot.com/">Educational Exploration in AK</a>: Kristen teaches 9th and 10th grade English at Eagle River High School in Eagle River. She has very insightful comments about culture. She also gives wonderful examples of cultural adoption, assimilation and resistance.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://dancinglight-lightdancing.blogspot.com/">Dancing Light: One Path to Learning</a>: Joan currently works as the Director of Curriculum and Instruction for Kuspuk School District. She has an interesting discussion about what it means to be Alaskan.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Concluding Thoughts</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span">I found the study of Russian America to be fascinating. This is partly due to the fact that I lived on Kodiak Island for five years when I was growing up. Although I knew that the Russians first established Kodiak (after the Natives) and I knew a little about the Russian Orthodox Church, I knew very little of the Russian history until reading this module. Reading this module brought back many memories of my time spent in Kodiak, and helped me to better understand some of the experiences that I had while living there. I remember driving down Rezanov Drive (one of the major roads in Kodiak), visiting the Baranov Museum and going out to eat at the Shelikhov Inn. In fifth grade I remember going with my class on an overnight trip to a camp on Woody Island that used to be one of the Russian Schools. I also remember playing my flute and oboe with the Kodiak Russian balalaika players. This unit has also caused me to realize that as educators, we need to do a better job of teaching our students the history of the place that they live in. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span">I do have one suggestion for this course. It would be nice to have a list and links to all the suggested readings for each module at the beginning of each module. <b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> </b></span>Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-5517573256312007952012-02-27T16:16:00.000-08:002012-02-27T16:16:08.965-08:00Module III-People, Places and Practices<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Module III-People, Places and Practices</b></span></div>
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<b>Is there an “Alaskan” culture? How could it be described?</b></div>
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As a result of long, cold winters, drastic changes in
daylight throughout the year, the remote location, and low percentage of people
per square mile, Alaska has its own unique culture. Two aspects of this culture that nearly all Alaskans share are our connection to the wilderness and our connection to the seasons. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwUu_rmKQC1CiaFWN1Up-ZS73muWnhZJ2RgW9VQQBY5_v7kDx1c5L-94-RVEJWRpHntZKBqcJOZUCHYcxkPx-Zi3Rou-MDeBOYs8bI8nSwK3rqr6ExmxkFDUHneLahsRhYN-BfPdh-t0Da/s1600/elder.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwUu_rmKQC1CiaFWN1Up-ZS73muWnhZJ2RgW9VQQBY5_v7kDx1c5L-94-RVEJWRpHntZKBqcJOZUCHYcxkPx-Zi3Rou-MDeBOYs8bI8nSwK3rqr6ExmxkFDUHneLahsRhYN-BfPdh-t0Da/s320/elder.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Elder woman in the Lower Yukon Region.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Retrieved from the Kwik'Pak Fisheries LLC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Website.</span> </td></tr>
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Alaskans are very connected to the wilderness around
them. To varying degrees, Alaskans are
very involved in a subsistence culture and fill their freezers with food taken
from the land. Whaling is a huge
subsistence activity among many of the indigenous cultures of Alaska. Hunting moose, bear, caribou and other
animals, along with fishing and berry picking are other subsistence activities that
both natives and non-natives participate in. In addition to subsistence activities, Alaska has a strong outdoor
recreation culture. In the summertime,
hiking, camping, biking and boating are all common activities. In the wintertime, snowshoeing, cross country
skiing, dogsledding and snowmachining, are common activities.</div>
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<a href="http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ean08.sci.life.eco.gwichin/">Gwich'in Tribe Protects Caribou and Culture</a> </div>
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<a href="http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/echo07.sci.life.coast.eskimo/">Inupiaq Whale Hunt</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ean08.sci.life.evo.spirit/">The Spirit of Subsistance Living</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baDGJGv05Pc">Dipnetting In Alaska</a> </div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ii6XRotyMzA&feature=related">Alaskan Berry Picking</a></div>
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In addition to having a strong connection the wilderness
around them, Alaskans are also very connected to the seasons around them. In the Winter time people generally spend more time at home in a kind of "hibernation" mode. As the weather warms up and the daylight increases, people begin coming out of "hibernation" and spending more time outside of their homes. Alaska residents seem to have a great sense of jubilation and
excitement during the summer, and people participate in as many recreational activities, subsistence activities and home
improvement projects as possible before the weather turns cold again. Many communities also host big
celebrations in the Summer. Examples of these celebrations are the <a href="http://www.kodiak.org/things-to-do/island-celebrations/crab-festival.html">Crab Festival</a> in Kodiak, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalukataq">Nalukataq</a> in Barrow, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Sun_Run">Midnight Sun Fun Run</a> in Fairbanks.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY5QqqufPXc0hCxlO9iXR8w5XTGw-t7hpNlC4vVevXqCl66xLh1bCZ0RpUwB8xBJ2vtgIB-tBkUNJyP5PBUPHB1bVm9MLoBtc-1t2YkwWGNNtSlQbnflHjTFNAIz9oeFSaB6tFpPM3pZKJ/s1600/fun_run_univ_ave_001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY5QqqufPXc0hCxlO9iXR8w5XTGw-t7hpNlC4vVevXqCl66xLh1bCZ0RpUwB8xBJ2vtgIB-tBkUNJyP5PBUPHB1bVm9MLoBtc-1t2YkwWGNNtSlQbnflHjTFNAIz9oeFSaB6tFpPM3pZKJ/s1600/fun_run_univ_ave_001.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Runners in the Midnight Sun Fun Run in Fairbanks, Alaska. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.lastfrontier.org/">www.lastfrontier.org</a></span></td></tr>
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While there are certainly more aspects of the "Alaskan Culture", it is hard to separate the overall culture from all the many, many subcultures that exist in this very ethnically and geographically varied state. Here are some links to more information about Alaska's various subcultures:</div>
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<a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=314"></a><a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=314">Alaska History & Cultural Studies Website-Alaska's Cultures</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=318">Alaska History & Cultural Studies Website-Modern Alaska</a><br />
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</style><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is your concept of <i>culture</i>? </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b> How do you explain your own cultural identity? </b></span></div>
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">How does that influence how you approach the study of
culture in Alas</span>ka?</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">My own concept of culture has been
shaped and influenced by the many different places that I have lived. So far I have lived in Oregon,
Alaska, Nevada, Pennsylvania, North Dakota and Montana. I am glad that I have had these opportunities
because it has helped me to see life from many different cultural perspectives.
Right now my own cultural identity is
being heavily shaped by the following three subcultures: Being a mother, being an educator in
a public school and living in Fairbanks, Alaska. In the next few paragraphs I will describe
some examples of my own cultural identity that result from the above factors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Motherhood
Culture</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Right now, most of
my time away from work is spent caring for my two year-old daughter. As a result, my home, the public library, the
swimming pool, the park (when weather allows) and bathrooms everywhere (my
daughter is potty training right now) are the places that I spend most of my
time. Almost every activity that I participate in,
everything I buy and everywhere I go is kid friendly. I spend much of my time involved in
activities such as reading stories, singing songs, putting together puzzles,
sledding, and running to the bathroom at any given moment. Since I spend my time and energy involved in
this, I end up meeting and making friends with other mothers of young
children. When we talk and get together,
the majority of our activities and topics of conversation revolve around young
children.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl5vjuKYHFmDaHIU0TbndlE1xDkPT8jLEaiAsHk1aTdxdlDs86gOTB6vKix21z0bDILa3ZAV0Di11C6ZSNyo8gHKqCa6E4Vcf82YJgKCwxoD4L1VjTwah7xXVf_IBDKcMievmvY-y99HaH/s1600/June-August+2011+255.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl5vjuKYHFmDaHIU0TbndlE1xDkPT8jLEaiAsHk1aTdxdlDs86gOTB6vKix21z0bDILa3ZAV0Di11C6ZSNyo8gHKqCa6E4Vcf82YJgKCwxoD4L1VjTwah7xXVf_IBDKcMievmvY-y99HaH/s320/June-August+2011+255.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">My daughter and I smelling the flowers on the side of the road during a </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">family drive on the Richardson highway in summer of 2011.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Educator
Culture</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">As an educator and
a speech pathologist, language and literacy activities are a large aspect of my
culture. I read books to my daughter
everyday, and when I have the time, I enjoy reading novels and discussing them
with others. When getting together with
friends, we often play language-rich board games, such as “Apples to Apples”
and “Balderdash”. Having a desire to
expanding my world view and have new experiences is also a large part of the
educator culture in which I am a part of.
When I have time, I enjoy attending various cultural events in the
community, such as the Alaska Federation of Natives Community Potluck, the
Alaska Native Educator’s Potlucks, the Fairbanks Summer Fine Arts Festival and the
Ice Alaska Ice carving competition. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Fairbanks, Alaska Culture</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Another strong influence on my
cultural identity is that I live in a home in the outskirts of Fairbanks,
Alaska. Typical chores that my husband and I must complete that are uniquely Alaskan are, plugging in the car in the winter, hauling our
own water and adjusting our post-on-pad home when the ground shifts. I am also involved in some subsistence
activities. Each July, I try go <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_net">dipnetting</a> for Salmon on the Kenai River.
This is an activity that I look forward to all year long. While I love filling my freezer with salmon,
I also love the experience of camping on the beach and spending time with my
family. In the late Summer and Fall I
also love to go berry picking. In
addition to having wonderful berries all year long for cooking and baking, berry picking provides a wonderful time
to hang out and strengthen my relationships with my friends. In addition to fishing and berry picking, my
family and I also spend a lot of time going, camping and hiking in various
parts of Alaska. I love having so many
beautiful places to explore in such relative proximity to where I live.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlkNP2iSDwvnBSiOWaCQAGUKF1VE4KExWTx6HPa3ShCffFNIm6DlztzjYpj98pX1AlpNV6LrDEmJh2IQYCBnmPZQ2GU46Uc3z2CbHGVULiolsl4BqQO7TzZtPxeLvb5EVyf4sDSIQRzNLr/s1600/June-August+2011+225.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlkNP2iSDwvnBSiOWaCQAGUKF1VE4KExWTx6HPa3ShCffFNIm6DlztzjYpj98pX1AlpNV6LrDEmJh2IQYCBnmPZQ2GU46Uc3z2CbHGVULiolsl4BqQO7TzZtPxeLvb5EVyf4sDSIQRzNLr/s320/June-August+2011+225.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">My Alaskan home shortly before it was completed in the summer of 2011.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">I
must remember my own cultural bias when studying Alaskan culture. The place that I learn the most about various
cultures is in my work and interactions with my very ethnically diverse
caseload of students and families. Because I was exposed to so much diversity at such a young age, I
must remember that most children and even many adults have not had as many
different exposure to cultures as I have. I also must remember that most of the families that I work with do not come from an educator culture where literacy and reading is valued. At times when I
am teaching a concept to a student that I feel the student should have already
been taught or exposed to, I am tempted in my mind to accuse the parents of
being lazy, unintelligent or uncaring. I then have to remind myself that they
may be wonderful, caring parents who have had different cultural experiences and/or have different cultural values than I have. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Three Blog Reviews</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://peterbenoitalaskablog.blogspot.com/">Peter's Alaskan Blog</a>-This blog is written by a Mental Health Case Manager and substitute teacher who lives in the Matsu Valley. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://shayesexplorealaska.blogspot.com/">Exploring Alaska's Cultures</a>-This blog is written by a Kindergarten Teacher who lives on Prince of Wales Island in Southeast Alaska.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://hollyalaskahistory.blogspot.com/">Holly Explores Alaska History</a>-This blog is written by<span class="HOEnZb"> the principal of Gustavus School and Klukwan School, both K-12 in Southeast Alaska. </span></span><br />
<br />
<strong>Summary</strong><br />
In Summary, this module has caused me to think deeply about what exactly my own culture is. It has been difficult to narrow down both my own culture and an "Alaskan Culture". I have come to a conclusion that each person's culture is highly complex. No person can be defined by any one culture. Rather, we all belong to many different cultures that change and influence each other over time. </div>
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</div>Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-60305552576612825512012-02-20T03:45:00.000-08:002012-02-20T23:40:54.640-08:00<style>
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<b>How does knowledge of natural systems
inform our understanding of cultural systems?</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPLT_OZEIL8pwBa-3PyjH_FtwIpyQPiJgreHLiAFVMg-sJ3vi2_6tVP9DnWlHPvoeeLLsKqKLelmJwp639vWLwJ-_e86CVWrU7GZp_vaOTm8oNOAy2B3CVvVid1TFkDKlLnjgXyQ_mpzIj/s1600/barrow_alaska.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPLT_OZEIL8pwBa-3PyjH_FtwIpyQPiJgreHLiAFVMg-sJ3vi2_6tVP9DnWlHPvoeeLLsKqKLelmJwp639vWLwJ-_e86CVWrU7GZp_vaOTm8oNOAy2B3CVvVid1TFkDKlLnjgXyQ_mpzIj/s1600/barrow_alaska.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b></b>In order to
truly understand and respect a cultural system, you have to understand the
influences that shape a culture. Natural
systems are some of most influential forces on any culture. Some examples of these influences are: the
climate system influencing the type of clothing and types of shelter, the
natural landscape influencing the types of plants and animals present, which
then effects the diet of a culture, and the natural landscape influencing the type
of travel utilized. Natural systems also
greatly influence the less essential aspects of culture, such as providing the
topics of many stories, songs and dances in a culture.</div>
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My personal
respect towards the Native Alaskan Cultures, and especially towards the
subsistence lifestyle has greatly increased as I have learned more about the
natural systems of Alaska. I spent the
majority of my childhood in Oregon, in a very temperate climate that did not value
hunting, or depend on it for survival. My
family owned no guns, and I was never taught how to care for or operate them. As a result of my non-exposure to firearms, I
developed a negative view of them and the people who owned and used them. </div>
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I was first
introduced to a more subsistence based lifestyle when I was fourteen and living
in Barrow, Alaska, and it was hard for me to understand why the residents of
the community had so many guns and spent so much time hunting. I am now 31, and I still do not own a gun,
nor have I ever shot one. However, as I
have learned more about the natural systems in Alaska, and how essential
hunting has been to the survival of the Native Alaskans for thousands of years,
I now have respect for people who own guns for subsistence purposes. In fact, I have recently thought that I might
want to learn about guns and go hunting myself someday. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheP8h93ol-BuFD7wiMDU1hdkopDJYkMUGVNW8e9i-rUMCCYphcORP_1Jk7xLKbKbJGBr1fiGVVeAF4CIuiBha9AvnFikc44doD3ddjlswXWWviaAjMpgJ6qPsjxz4UdXhdP-hTgbtNVNak/s1600/Barrow_Caribou.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheP8h93ol-BuFD7wiMDU1hdkopDJYkMUGVNW8e9i-rUMCCYphcORP_1Jk7xLKbKbJGBr1fiGVVeAF4CIuiBha9AvnFikc44doD3ddjlswXWWviaAjMpgJ6qPsjxz4UdXhdP-hTgbtNVNak/s320/Barrow_Caribou.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>What is the relationship between tectonic forces, mountains,
volcanoes and earthquakes in Alaska?</b></div>
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Plate Tectonics is the main reason why we have mountains,
volcanoes and earthquakes in Alaska.
Simply put, Plate tectonics is the theory that the surface of the Earth
is broken up into large areas of continental crust, known as tectonic
plates. These plates are always in
motion relative to each other, and as they move, they create mountains,
volcanoes and earth quakes. The two tectonic
plates that have the most influence on Alaskan geology are the North American
Plate, which all of Alaska rests on, and the Pacific Plate, which consists of
the Area underneath the Pacific Ocean.</div>
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<a href="http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.plateintro/">Introduction to Plate Tectonics</a> </div>
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<a href="http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.wegener1/">Plate Tectonics: The Scientist Behind the Theory</a> </div>
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There are two important geological features that have formed
along the boundary of Pacific Plate and the North American Plate in
Alaska. The first feature is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Fault">Fairweather Fault</a>, which is a transform fault located along the boundary in the
area of the Alaskan Panhandle. With this
type of fault one of the rock units moves parallel to the other. In the case of the Fairweather Fault, the Pacific
Plate is moving north relative to the North American Plate. The second major geological feature is a
subduction zone off of the southern coast of Alaska. This subduction zone is caused by the denser
Pacific Plate moving and pushing itself under the Alaskan portion of the less
dense North American Plate. This
movement and subduction of the Pacific plate into the North American Plate has
caused or greatly influenced the formation and activity of most of the
mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes in Alaska.</div>
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Here is a list and description of some the major geologically
active areas in Alaska:</div>
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Chugach Mountain Range- This mountain range is an example of
an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretionary_wedge">accretionary wedge.</a> This means that
these mountains were formed by the Pacific Plate subducting, or diving down at a shallow angle
below Alaska, causing material from the Pacific Plate to scrape off, compress,
crumple and shove upward.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzhbxw3g464hzAYD1jgKqJ-i-va0Eo6LSZcuNn4GNmOHG3ADmIYOtWhayM-0tY4RQ_4g_wGGW97A9NcP7KUY-Nci5hFqrxbjW8GiJKbD7_MKqRZCNjyEesbX8IGSSMX7ThiAFBz138V5n/s1600/endres-201044-12-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzhbxw3g464hzAYD1jgKqJ-i-va0Eo6LSZcuNn4GNmOHG3ADmIYOtWhayM-0tY4RQ_4g_wGGW97A9NcP7KUY-Nci5hFqrxbjW8GiJKbD7_MKqRZCNjyEesbX8IGSSMX7ThiAFBz138V5n/s320/endres-201044-12-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Cook Inlet Volcanoes-This area is another example of an
accretionary wedge. However, in this
area, the Pacific Plate is subducting farther down into the Earth and at a
steeper angle than the Chugach Mountain Range, allowing for the Pacific Plate
to partially melt in the upper mantle.
This in turn allows for molten rock to make its way to the surface and
create these volcanic mountains.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzryn8361AR3qnBXG9E08GPGneQ1GrqkbE3z3rCD7BSOVplwpXffHdyN1g6ApGcJ0VZoB2Pyd-nICdhselCpZqCnp2l2pw-yJdHP8blKU-BZgxkz-y_EJ_WdV2pDK1c5ull3GvOiKS7C-V/s1600/Augustine_volcano_at_Cook_Inlet_Anchorage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzryn8361AR3qnBXG9E08GPGneQ1GrqkbE3z3rCD7BSOVplwpXffHdyN1g6ApGcJ0VZoB2Pyd-nICdhselCpZqCnp2l2pw-yJdHP8blKU-BZgxkz-y_EJ_WdV2pDK1c5ull3GvOiKS7C-V/s320/Augustine_volcano_at_Cook_Inlet_Anchorage.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Aleutian Islands- In this area the Pacific Plate subducts at
an even steeper grade than in the areas of the Chugach Mountains and the Cook
Inlet Volcanoes. Similarly to the Cook
Inlet Volcanoes, the Pacific Plate partially melts, and magma rises causing the
volcanoes that we see in this area. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpzBtKkFGGMcuBrj89emz3Hk8v5woupNl5PAwWiVTOzpDw34rEvi99K5Q72DtHhqzA64apSUQHxfTww46BIeVZxz4yVjzqKlD-zY_70oIFEHreJXbawI8QvSGzZJVLqerJ1_PdvVDRZoi-/s1600/Islands-of-4-Mountains-lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpzBtKkFGGMcuBrj89emz3Hk8v5woupNl5PAwWiVTOzpDw34rEvi99K5Q72DtHhqzA64apSUQHxfTww46BIeVZxz4yVjzqKlD-zY_70oIFEHreJXbawI8QvSGzZJVLqerJ1_PdvVDRZoi-/s320/Islands-of-4-Mountains-lg.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Wrangell Saint Elias Range- This area was formed millions of
years ago when a separate piece of continent that was attached to the Pacific
Plate was present south of mainland Alaska.
Through time, as the Pacific Plate continued to move north, this
separate piece of continent moved north with it, eventually slamming into
mainland Alaska. Since continental crust
is less dense than oceanic crust, the moving piece of continent did not
subduct, but rather slammed into the other continent causing the land to deform
and push upward.</div>
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<b>Three Blog Reviews</b></div>
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<b><a href="http://clairepowellalaskanhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2012/02/module-i-place-and-pedagogy.html">Alaskan History-A Newcomers Perspective</a>: </b>This Blog is written by a speech language pathologist in Girdwood. The author gives some wonderful examples of place based learning in her community. She also has some beautiful pictures of Coyote Gulch, Utah in her discussion of the<br />
importance of place.<br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://missmannen.blogspot.com/">Miss Mannen</a>: </b>This Blog is written by a teacher in Point Lay. The author gives excellent examples of activities and assignments in her school that blend traditional indigenous and and non indigenous values.<br />
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<b><a href="http://alaskareflection.blogspot.com/2012/02/module-1-essentialquestions-why-is.html">Alaska Reflections</a>:</b> This Blog is written by a speech pathologist in Juneau who works in early childhood programs. She gives a beautiful and poetic description of how a sense of place begins to develop in a baby shortly after birth.<br />
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<b>Concluding Paragraph</b></div>
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Although I have not found this Module to be as directly applicable to the field of speech pathology as the first Module, I have learned a great deal about how to create blogs and about the geology of Alaska. It has been fun to learn how to insert links and pictures and change the captions on the blog. I look forward to learning even more about how to create visually appealing blogs during the next assignment. The geology aspect of this course was especially fun for me because my husband is a geology student at the university and he was able to clarify and expand on the information that was on the course blog.<br />
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<br /></div>Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-56247929294471882762012-02-13T02:06:00.000-08:002012-02-13T02:06:46.468-08:00Favorite Place<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyNfkE0RyL1FfjFbWZqQZVeVA0MW2fBFXSW-yjoWz1lKXYGBCgp4qw93lFuqLEVZ9gbb4Cfk39M5bRvGpMiirbOZVRYErreetE2yka1vY8RLmc_JvzypZrlKAXbnCjEDeD3QDO-zPEVTCm/s1600/P1010098.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyNfkE0RyL1FfjFbWZqQZVeVA0MW2fBFXSW-yjoWz1lKXYGBCgp4qw93lFuqLEVZ9gbb4Cfk39M5bRvGpMiirbOZVRYErreetE2yka1vY8RLmc_JvzypZrlKAXbnCjEDeD3QDO-zPEVTCm/s400/P1010098.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This picture of me, my husband and my four week old daughter
was taken a couple of summers ago while on a hiking and camping trip in Denali
National Park near the Eileson Visitor’s Center.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have
moved around many times in my life, and as a result, I do not have any one
place that I can say I am from.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However,
I feel the happiest, most peaceful and most content when I am hiking, camping
and backpacking in beautiful, remote areas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This picture was taken during an amazing time of my life when I was able
to hike and camp with my first newborn child snuggled comfortably against my
chest, my husband by my side and a crystal clear view of Mount Denali in the background.</span></div>Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6933705041026171663.post-32438406207516034142012-02-13T02:03:00.000-08:002012-02-13T03:10:01.147-08:00<strong>Module 1- Place and Pedology</strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong>Why is Awareness of Place Important?</strong></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Having an awareness of place is an incredibly important
aspect of being an educator, no matter where you live.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The culture and place that students are
raised in impacts the type of information they come to school knowing, the
mannerisms and actions that they display, and their values towards
education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Knowing the culture and place that students
are raised in helps educators to understand and respect their students, and as a
result, be effective teachers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this
response, I will talk about three different aspects of my job as a speech and
language pathologist in which having an “awareness of place” is important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These areas are diagnosing and evaluating, forming
student rapport, and forming rapport with parents and families.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">As a speech and language pathologist, I evaluate many Native students who
are struggling with communication and language tasks in the classroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I must be very careful to differentiate between
culturally different communication patterns and true language impairment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On many occasions I have evaluated students
who appeared extremely language delayed at first, but who I soon realized were simply
raised in an area with communication patterns that are different than
mainstream western culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I must be
especially cautious when using standardized assessments to evaluate language
impairment, because most of these assessments are very western oriented.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On one particular subtest of a widely used test,
students are asked to define “cactus” and “pedestrian”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If a student has spent his whole life in Alaska,
he may never have been exposed to these words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Another subtest of this same test requires students to look at pictures
and say a complete sentence about each one. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students who have spent most of their life in
an Alaskan Village often use grammatical structures that are different than
standard American English.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Awareness of place is also very important in forming rapport
with students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All people are more eager
and willing to learn and participate when they can see connections between what
they are learning in school and their everyday life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
educators, we are a guide to help the students find these connections and so we
must be knowledgeable and respectful of the culture that we teach in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As an example in my own job, is if I am
teaching a student a concept such as comparing and contrasting, the students
may learn this concept faster and more completely if I teach the concepts using
vocabulary words that are relevant and familiar to the everyday life of the
student.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Awareness of place is also very important in forming rapport
with the families of our students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The students
who are usually the most successful in school are the ones who have parents
that value and support education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If we
have families that do not value and support formal education, then we need to find
ways of establishing rapport.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To
accomplish this we need to become part of the community that we live in and
learn the value systems of that community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If we understand these value systems, we can interact with parents in a
culturally sensitive manner and help them find ways of supporting the education
of their children. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong>How can non-indigenous and indigenous teachers help students
to embrace both ways?</strong></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I feel that both indigenous and non-indigenous teachers play
an important role in the education of Alaska students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this response I will discuss four ways
that this type of collaboration could benefit students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These four ways are curriculum development,
core academic instruction, modeling, and culture specific lessons. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The first way that indigenous and non-indigenous teachers
can collaborate is in curriculum development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My school uses very high quality,
structured and evidence-based curriculums for math and language arts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, these curriculums were created by
people who do not live in Alaska.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a
result, I often notice that many students have difficulty relating to the
stories, vocabulary and word problems. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
think that it would be very beneficial for indigenous and non-indigenous educators
to be part of the curriculum planning committees to provide input about how to
include culturally relevant aspects into the core curriculum. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Another way that indigenous and non-indigenous teachers can
help students embrace both ways is by working together to teach the core
subjects of reading, writing and math.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In my school we have two Alaska Native
Education (ANE) Tutors that assist our teachers by working with our large
population of native students in a way that is culturally sensitive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our ANE tutors also teach the staff how to be
more culturally sensitive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of our
ANE tutors often attends Individualized education Plan (IEP) meetings. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When cultural barriers arise in the meetings,
she is able to explain, clarify, and answer questions to help the families and
teachers to better understand each other better. I have learned how to
communicate more effectively with my students and their families by observing
her interactions.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In addition to working together to teach the core subjects, indigenous
and non-indigenous teachers can help students embrace both ways by having times
when indigenous individuals teach lessons devoted specifically to aspect of
native culture. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One example of this type
of collaboration at my school is that during certain times of the year Alaska
Native Elders visit our classrooms and teach lessons to the students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another example is when we have Native
dancers come to our school and teach Native dancing to the students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Experiences such as these communicate to
students that there is value in both traditional native ways and in western
education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong>Concluding Paragraph</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This module has made me very excited to learn more about the
place that I live in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the past
three years that I have been a speech pathologist in Fairbanks, I have been
contemplating how to help support the language development of my students in a
way that is more culturally sensitive and relevant to their everyday life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am looking forward to further exploring the
Alaska Native Knowledge Network and Teacher’s Domain, as these sights appear to
have a wealth of information related to this topic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />Brenda Rosenthalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03553343946939152220noreply@blogger.com0